多重织物没有按预期工作

import os import textwrap from OpenGL.GL import * from OpenGL.GLU import * from OpenGL.GLUT import * from PIL import Image from OpenGL.GL.ARB.multitexture import * from OpenGL.extensions import alternate def get_opengl_info(): return textwrap.dedent("""\ Vendor: {0} Renderer: {1} OpenGL Version: {2} Shader Version: {3} {4:*^80} Num Extensions: {5} {6} """).format( glGetString(GL_VENDOR).decode("utf-8"), glGetString(GL_RENDERER).decode("utf-8"), glGetString(GL_VERSION).decode("utf-8"), glGetString(GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION).decode("utf-8"), "OPENGL EXTENSIONS", glGetIntegerv(GL_NUM_EXTENSIONS), "\n".join(glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS).decode("utf-8").split()) ) def create_gl_texture(use_active_texture, channel, width, height, pbits): id_texture = glGenTextures(1) if use_active_texture: glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + channel) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_texture) glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1) glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 3, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pbits) glTexParameter( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR) glTexParameter( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR) glTexParameter(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT) glTexParameter(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT) glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D) return id_texture def load_texture(use_active_texture, filename, i): image = Image.open(filename) ix = image.size[0] iy = image.size[1] pbits = image.convert("RGBA").tobytes("raw", "RGBA") id_texture = create_gl_texture(use_active_texture, i, ix, iy, pbits) print("Loaded", id_texture) return id_texture X_AXIS = 0.0 Y_AXIS = 0.0 Z_AXIS = 0.0 DIRECTION = 1 id_textures = [] def init_gl(Width, Height): global glMultiTexCoord2f, glActiveTexture print(get_opengl_info()) print("Choosing between: ", glMultiTexCoord2f.__name__, glMultiTexCoord2fARB.__name__) print("Choosing between: ", glActiveTexture.__name__, glActiveTextureARB.__name__) glMultiTexCoord2f = alternate( glMultiTexCoord2f, glMultiTexCoord2fARB ) glActiveTexture = alternate( glActiveTexture, glActiveTextureARB, ) print("Selected: ", glMultiTexCoord2f.__name__) print("Selected: ", glActiveTexture.__name__) if not glMultiTexCoord2f: print('Multitexture not supported!') sys.exit(1) glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0) glClearDepth(1.0) glDepthFunc(GL_LESS) glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST) glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH) glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION) glLoadIdentity() gluPerspective(45.0, float(Width) / float(Height), 0.1, 100.0) glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW) glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D) glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST) glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST) glTexEnvf(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_DECAL) def keyPressed(*args): if args[0] == "\033": sys.exit() # Method0: Using glBindTexture + glTexCoord2f per face def draw_method_0(): global X_AXIS, Y_AXIS, Z_AXIS global DIRECTION global id_textures glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT) glLoadIdentity() glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -6.0) glRotatef(X_AXIS, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0) glRotatef(Y_AXIS, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0) glRotatef(Z_AXIS, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[0]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glEnd() glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[1]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glEnd() glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[2]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glEnd() glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[3]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glEnd() glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[4]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glEnd() glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[5]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glEnd() X_AXIS = X_AXIS - 0.030 Z_AXIS = Z_AXIS - 0.030 glutSwapBuffers() # Method1: Using glActiveTexture+glBindTexture+glMultiTexCoord2f per face def draw_method_1(): global X_AXIS, Y_AXIS, Z_AXIS global DIRECTION global id_textures glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT) glLoadIdentity() glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -6.0) glRotatef(X_AXIS, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0) glRotatef(Y_AXIS, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0) glRotatef(Z_AXIS, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0) glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 0) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[0]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 0, 0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 0, 1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 0, 1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 0, 0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glEnd() glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 1) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[1]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 1, 1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 1, 1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 1, 0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 1, 0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glEnd() glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 2) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[2]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 2, 0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 2, 0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 2, 1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 2, 1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glEnd() glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 3) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[3]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 3, 1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 3, 0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 3, 0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 3, 1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glEnd() glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 4) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[4]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 4, 1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 4, 1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 4, 0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 4, 0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glEnd() glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 5) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[5]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 5, 0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 5, 1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 5, 1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glMultiTexCoord2f(GL_TEXTURE0 + 5, 0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glEnd() X_AXIS = X_AXIS - 0.030 Z_AXIS = Z_AXIS - 0.030 glutSwapBuffers() # Method2: Using glActiveTexture+glBindTexture+glTexCoord2f per face def draw_method_2(): global X_AXIS, Y_AXIS, Z_AXIS global DIRECTION global id_textures glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT) glLoadIdentity() glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -6.0) glRotatef(X_AXIS, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0) glRotatef(Y_AXIS, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0) glRotatef(Z_AXIS, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0) glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 0) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[0]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glEnd() glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 1) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[1]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glEnd() glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 2) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[2]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glEnd() glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 3) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[3]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glEnd() glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 4) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[4]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glEnd() glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + 5) glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, id_textures[5]) glBegin(GL_QUADS) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0) glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0) glEnd() X_AXIS = X_AXIS - 0.030 Z_AXIS = Z_AXIS - 0.030 glutSwapBuffers() def load_textures(use_active_texture): global id_textures id_textures.append(load_texture(use_active_texture, "tex00.jpg", 0)) id_textures.append(load_texture(use_active_texture, "tex01.jpg", 1)) id_textures.append(load_texture(use_active_texture, "tex02.jpg", 2)) id_textures.append(load_texture(use_active_texture, "tex03.jpg", 3)) id_textures.append(load_texture(use_active_texture, "tex04.jpg", 4)) id_textures.append(load_texture(use_active_texture, "tex05.jpg", 5)) def main(): glutInit(sys.argv) glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_ALPHA | GLUT_DEPTH) glutInitWindowSize(640, 480) glutInitWindowPosition(200, 200) glutCreateWindow(b'OpenGL Python Textured Cube') init_gl(640, 480) current_method = 2 draw_methods = { 0: {"f": draw_method_0, "use_active_texture": False}, 1: {"f": draw_method_1, "use_active_texture": True}, 2: {"f": draw_method_2, "use_active_texture": True} } draw = draw_methods[current_method]["f"] load_textures(draw_methods[current_method]["use_active_texture"]) glutDisplayFunc(draw) glutIdleFunc(draw) glutKeyboardFunc(keyPressed) glutMainLoop() if __name__ == "__main__": main()

2条回答

网友

1楼 · 编辑于 2024-09-30 12:12:08

If i set current_method=1 only one face will be textured properly, that's a wrong output.

不，这不是一个错误的输出。这是完全正确的输出。您从未将固定函数管道状态设置为执行任何多文本处理（请参阅@Dietrich Epp的答案以获取详细信息）。渲染管道配置为：

取每片段插值顶点颜色的颜色值（您从未设置，iirc默认值为白色）
使用纹理坐标集0的每片段插值纹理坐标对当前绑定到纹理单元0的纹理进行采样
使用纹理的alpha通道（GL_DECAL模式）将结果混合在一起
使用它作为最终的碎片颜色。在

因此，很明显，从绑定到纹理单位>0的纹理中，您永远看不到任何内容。你看到了什么？在

当current_method==0时，您看到了您所期望的。在

如果current_method==1，你会看到从第一个纹理中提取的一个样本，它一直绑定在0单元上。由于没有为单位0设置任何tex坐标，GL将只重复最近设置的值，即第一个面最后一个顶点的值(0,1)。当然，这将用于新面的所有顶点，因此插值将产生一个恒定值，从而产生恒定的纹理采样结果，从而产生恒定的颜色。在

现在使用current_method=2仍然有所有面在纹理0处绑定的第一个纹理。但是，由于现在再次为纹理单元0提供了正确的逐顶点texcoords，因此采样实际上会再次对不同区域的纹理进行采样，因此您将获得该纹理到基本体的合理映射。在

网友

2楼 · 编辑于 2024-09-30 12:12:08

我认为这里的核心问题是对多文本处理的误解。在

多重纹理同时将多个纹理应用于相同的基元。你想将不同的纹理，一次一个纹理，应用于不同的基本体。从这一点上应该可以清楚地看到，多纹理并不能满足您的需要，所以使用它是没有意义的。在

多织物的工作原理

在多重纹理处理中，多个纹理单元使用混合混合函数组合它们的结果。在

texture unit 0  > +    -+
                   |  blend  |  \
texture unit 1  > +    -+    \ > +    -+
                                       |  blend  |  > etc.
texture unit 2            > +    -+

每个阶段的混合函数由glTexEnv设置，可以是GL_MODULATE，GL_DECAL，或{}。这就是当年光照贴图与纹理的结合方式：一个纹理具有漫反射纹理，而一个纹理具有光照贴图纹理。在

同样，这与您想要达到的效果完全不同，所以多纹理在您的应用程序中没有意义。在

glActiveTexture的工作原理

glActiveTexture不会更改绘制到屏幕上的纹理单元。默认情况下，只有纹理单位0将绘制到屏幕上。在

glActiveTexture只允许您将纹理绑定到其他纹理单元。但是，由于没有使用纹理单元1，因此将哪个纹理绑定到单元1或坐标是什么都无关紧要。所以您应该始终使用glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0)，因为您总是希望更改纹理单位#0。在

解决方案

所以，你有不使用多重文本处理的工作代码。太好了！你完了。你不会因为使用更多的OpenGL功能而得到额外的积分。在

或者，如果使用2D数组纹理，可以在一次绘图调用中绘制整个立方体。只需将现有纹理加载为二维阵列纹理中的平面，并使用三维纹理坐标而不是二维纹理坐标。同样，不需要多纹理。在

多织物的工作原理

glActiveTexture的工作原理

解决方案

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