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java面向对象编程语言的AST(抽象语法树)是什么样子的?

我正在阅读有关AST(抽象语法树)的文章,但我看到的所有示例都使用以下表达式:

a + b * c 

可以用类似lispy的语法表示为:

(+ a (* b c) )

这相当于:

  +
 / \
a   * 
   / \
  b   c

我的问题是OOPL中的一个类的AST是什么样子的

我天真的尝试是针对以下Java代码:

 class Person { 
     String name;
     int    age;
     public String toString() { 
        return "name";
     }
 }

是:

;Hand written
(classDeclaration Person 
     (varDeclaration String name)
     (varDeclaration int    age )
     (funcDeclaration String toString 
           (return "name")
     )
 )

但我不确定我离真正的AST代表有多近或有多远

这取决于我选择的语言吗。需要多少细节?这些“xyzDeclaraction”是需要的还是可以是:

 (Person (String name) (int age))

在哪里可以看到实际编程语言的“真实”表示,以了解更多信息


共 (3) 个答案

  1. # 2 楼答案

    AST是CST(concrete syntax tree,或解析树)的抽象。具体语法树是由用于解析文件的结果(语法中)生成的树。所以你的AST基本上是从你的语法定义中派生出来的,但是已经被转换了

                            Exp                    
                          /  |  \                   
                         /   |   \                       *
                     Ident BinOp Ident       into       / \
                      /      |     \                  "x" "y"
                     /       |      \
                   "x"       *      "y"
    

    总而言之,我认为你帖子中的例子看起来不错。我可能会将变量声明包装在varDeclList中,函数声明包装在methDeclList中,返回语句包装在stmtList中。(见下文。)

    苹果在《Java中的现代编译器实现》一书中描述了AST的一种或多或少的“真实”表示。(可以在here中找到资源。)

    使用这些类,您的程序将表示为:

    Program
        ClassDeclList
            ClassDecl
                Identifier
                    id: Person
                VarDeclList
                    VarDecl
                        type: String
                        id: name
                    VarDecl
                        type: int
                        id: age
                MethDeclList
                    MethodDecl
                        modifiers: public
                        returnType: String
                        id: toString
                        Formals
                            (empty)
                        StmtList
                            returnStmt
                                Identifier
                                    id: name
    
  2. # 3 楼答案

    OP:我在哪里可以看到实际编程语言的真实表示,以了解更多信息

    作为一个文件人,为你的源文本。爪哇:

    class Person {  
        String name;
        int    age;
        public String toString()
          { return "name";     } 
    }
    

    下面是我们DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit的解析器树的S表达式风格转储中的具体和抽象语法树,使用它的Java1。6.语法分析器。所有明显的复杂性几乎都是由语言的真正复杂性(例如Java本身)造成的

    CST显然比AST(54个节点)包含更多的内容(139个节点)。在给定AST的情况下,AST会删除所有可以从语法中自动推断出来的内容。这包括删除不带值的叶子、一元结果,以及将由左或右递归语法规则产生的脊椎压缩到显式列表节点中

    左括号表示一个新子树。左括号后面是节点类型的名称@在您了解DMS可以同时处理多种语言之前,Java~Java1_2;6可能看起来是不必要的,包括嵌套在彼此内部的语言。#nnnnnn是节点的内存地址^M表示“此节点有M个父节点,当M==1时,此节点将被关闭。内部的事物[…]是节点值。{M}表示此列表节点有M个列表子节点。每个节点都印有位置信息

    这是具体的语法树(请参阅下面的AST):

    (compilation_unit@Java~Java1_6=1#4885d00^0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
     (type_declarations@Java~Java1_6=15#4885cc0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
      (type_declarations@Java~Java1_6=16#4884d80 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_declarations
      (type_declaration@Java~Java1_6=17#4885ca0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
       (type_class_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=77#4884dc0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_class_modifiers
       (class_header@Java~Java1_6=89#4884ec0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |('class'@Java~Java1_6=459#4884c60[Keyword:0] Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)'class'
       |(IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#4884e20[`Person'] Line 1 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |(type_parameters@Java~Java1_6=408#4884e80 Line 1 Column 14 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_parameters
       )class_header
       (class_body@Java~Java1_6=94#4885c80 Line 1 Column 14 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |('{'@Java~Java1_6=448#4884e60[Keyword:0] Line 1 Column 14 File C:/temp/Person.java)'{'
       |(class_body_declarations@Java~Java1_6=111#4885c60 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       | (class_body_declarations@Java~Java1_6=111#4885380 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |  (class_body_declarations@Java~Java1_6=110#4885400 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=118#4885360 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(field_declaration@Java~Java1_6=168#4885440 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | (field_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=170#4884f40 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)field_modifiers
       |   | (type@Java~Java1_6=191#48852c0 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |  (name@Java~Java1_6=406#48851e0 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#4884f20[`String'] Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |   |   (type_arguments@Java~Java1_6=407#4885160 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_arguments
       |   |  )name
       |   |  (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#4885260 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   | )type
       |   | (variable_declarator_list@Java~Java1_6=179#4884e00 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |  (variable_declarator@Java~Java1_6=181#4885300 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   (variable_declarator_id@Java~Java1_6=167#4885320 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |(IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#4885140[`name'] Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |   |   |(brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#4885040 Line 2 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   |   )variable_declarator_id
       |   |  )variable_declarator
       |   | )variable_declarator_list
       |   | (';'@Java~Java1_6=440#4885100[Keyword:0] Line 2 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java)';'
       |   |)field_declaration
       |   )class_body_declaration
       |  )class_body_declarations
       |  (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=118#48852e0 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   (field_declaration@Java~Java1_6=168#4885480 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(field_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=170#4885340 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)field_modifiers
       |   |(type@Java~Java1_6=192#4885220 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | (primitive_type@Java~Java1_6=198#4885420 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |  ('int'@Java~Java1_6=479#48853e0[Keyword:0] Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)'int'
       |   | )primitive_type
       |   | (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#4885200 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   |)type
       |   |(variable_declarator_list@Java~Java1_6=179#4885540 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | (variable_declarator@Java~Java1_6=181#4885520 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |  (variable_declarator_id@Java~Java1_6=167#4885500 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#4884fc0[`age'] Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |   |   (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#48854e0 Line 3 Column 15 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   |  )variable_declarator_id
       |   | )variable_declarator
       |   |)variable_declarator_list
       |   |(';'@Java~Java1_6=440#48854c0[Keyword:0] Line 3 Column 15 File C:/temp/Person.java)';'
       |   )field_declaration
       |  )class_body_declaration
       | )class_body_declarations
       | (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=117#4885c40 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |  (method_declaration@Java~Java1_6=135#4885c00 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   (method_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=141#4885700 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(method_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=142#4884e40 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)method_modifiers
       |   |(method_modifier@Java~Java1_6=147#48856a0 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | ('public'@Java~Java1_6=453#48853a0[Keyword:0] Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)'public'
       |   |)method_modifier
       |   )method_modifiers
       |   (type_parameters@Java~Java1_6=408#4885740 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_parameters
       |   (type@Java~Java1_6=191#4885900 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(name@Java~Java1_6=406#48852a0 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#4885660[`String'] Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |   | (type_arguments@Java~Java1_6=407#48851a0 Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_arguments
       |   |)name
       |   |(brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#48858c0 Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   )type
       |   (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#48855c0[`toString'] Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |   (parameters@Java~Java1_6=158#48858e0 Line 4 Column 27 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |('('@Java~Java1_6=450#4885840[Keyword:0] Line 4 Column 27 File C:/temp/Person.java)'('
       |   |(')'@Java~Java1_6=451#4885620[Keyword:0] Line 4 Column 28 File C:/temp/Person.java)')'
       |   )parameters
       |   (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#4885060 Line 5 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   (block@Java~Java1_6=217#4885be0 Line 5 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |('{'@Java~Java1_6=448#48851c0[Keyword:0] Line 5 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java)'{'
       |   |(statement_sequence@Java~Java1_6=218#4885ba0 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | (statement_sequence_member@Java~Java1_6=223#4885b80 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |  (executable_statement@Java~Java1_6=243#4885b60 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   ('return'@Java~Java1_6=491#4884f60[Keyword:0] Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java)'return'
       |   |   (expression@Java~Java1_6=332#4885ac0 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |(conditional_expression@Java~Java1_6=345#4885a60 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   | (conditional_or_expression@Java~Java1_6=347#4885a20 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |  (conditional_and_expression@Java~Java1_6=349#48859e0 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   (inclusive_or_expression@Java~Java1_6=351#48857e0 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   |(exclusive_or_expression@Java~Java1_6=353#48855a0 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   | (and_expression@Java~Java1_6=355#4885940 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   |  (equality_expression@Java~Java1_6=357#4885880 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   |   (relational_expression@Java~Java1_6=360#4885800 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   |   |(shift_expression@Java~Java1_6=366#48856c0 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   |   | (additive_expression@Java~Java1_6=370#4885180 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   |   |  (multiplicative_expression@Java~Java1_6=373#4885780 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   |   |   (unary_expression@Java~Java1_6=383#4885600 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   |   |   |(unary_expression_not_plus_minus@Java~Java1_6=389#4885680 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   |   |   | (literal@Java~Java1_6=390#4884f80 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |   |   |   |  (STRING@Java~Java1_6=536#4885120[`name'] Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java)STRING
       |   |   |   |   |   | )literal
       |   |   |   |   |   |)unary_expression_not_plus_minus
       |   |   |   |   |   )unary_expression
       |   |   |   |   |  )multiplicative_expression
       |   |   |   |   | )additive_expression
       |   |   |   |   |)shift_expression
       |   |   |   |   )relational_expression
       |   |   |   |  )equality_expression
       |   |   |   | )and_expression
       |   |   |   |)exclusive_or_expression
       |   |   |   )inclusive_or_expression
       |   |   |  )conditional_and_expression
       |   |   | )conditional_or_expression
       |   |   |)conditional_expression
       |   |   )expression
       |   |   (';'@Java~Java1_6=440#48856e0[Keyword:0] Line 5 Column 22 File C:/temp/Person.java)';'
       |   |  )executable_statement
       |   | )statement_sequence_member
       |   |)statement_sequence
       |   |('}'@Java~Java1_6=449#4885b40[Keyword:0] Line 5 Column 28 File C:/temp/Person.java)'}'
       |   )block
       |  )method_declaration
       | )class_body_declaration
       |)class_body_declarations
       |('}'@Java~Java1_6=449#4885bc0[Keyword:0] Line 6 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)'}'
       )class_body
      )type_declaration
     )type_declarations
     (optional_CONTROL_Z@Java~Java1_6=5#4885ce0 Line 7 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)optional_CONTROL_Z
    )compilation_unit
    

    这是AST(由DMS从CST自动生成):

    (compilation_unit@Java~Java1_6=1#486f900^0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
     (type_declarations@Java~Java1_6=15#486f4c0 {1} Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
      (type_declaration@Java~Java1_6=17#486f5e0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
       (type_class_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=77#486eda0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_class_modifiers
       (class_header@Java~Java1_6=89#486ee60 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |(IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486ede0[`Person'] Line 1 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |(type_parameters@Java~Java1_6=408#486ee20 Line 1 Column 14 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_parameters
       )class_header
       (class_body@Java~Java1_6=94#486f040 Line 1 Column 14 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |(class_body_declarations@Java~Java1_6=111#486ee40 {3} Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       | (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=118#486f300 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |  (field_declaration@Java~Java1_6=168#486f380 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   (field_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=170#486eec0 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)field_modifiers
       |   (type@Java~Java1_6=191#486f240 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(name@Java~Java1_6=406#486f180 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486eea0[`String'] Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |   | (type_arguments@Java~Java1_6=407#486f0e0 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_arguments
       |   |)name
       |   |(brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486f200 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   )type
       |   (variable_declarator@Java~Java1_6=181#486ef20 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(variable_declarator_id@Java~Java1_6=167#486efe0 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486f0c0[`name'] Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |   | (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486f060 Line 2 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   |)variable_declarator_id
       |   )variable_declarator
       |  )field_declaration
       | )class_body_declaration
       | (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=118#486f000 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |  (field_declaration@Java~Java1_6=168#486f320 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   (field_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=170#486f2a0 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)field_modifiers
       |   (type@Java~Java1_6=192#486eee0 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(primitive_type@Java~Java1_6=198#486ef60 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)primitive_type
       |   |(brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486ee00 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   )type
       |   (variable_declarator@Java~Java1_6=181#486f2c0 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(variable_declarator_id@Java~Java1_6=167#486f3a0 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486f120[`age'] Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |   | (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486ef00 Line 3 Column 15 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   |)variable_declarator_id
       |   )variable_declarator
       |  )field_declaration
       | )class_body_declaration
       | (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=117#486f7a0 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |  (method_declaration@Java~Java1_6=135#486f480 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   (method_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=141#486f460 {1} Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(method_modifier@Java~Java1_6=147#486f400 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)method_modifier
       |   )method_modifiers
       |   (type_parameters@Java~Java1_6=408#486f540 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_parameters
       |   (type@Java~Java1_6=191#486f740 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(name@Java~Java1_6=406#486f620 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486f080[`String'] Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |   | (type_arguments@Java~Java1_6=407#486f640 Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_arguments
       |   |)name
       |   |(brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486f700 Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   )type
       |   (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486f140[`toString'] Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
       |   (parameters@Java~Java1_6=158#486f760 Line 4 Column 27 File C:/temp/Person.java)parameters
       |   (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486f820 Line 5 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
       |   (block@Java~Java1_6=217#486f780 Line 5 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |(statement_sequence@Java~Java1_6=218#486f6e0 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   | (statement_sequence_member@Java~Java1_6=223#486f6c0 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |  (executable_statement@Java~Java1_6=243#486f6a0 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   (unary_expression_not_plus_minus@Java~Java1_6=389#486f720 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   |(literal@Java~Java1_6=390#486f280 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
       |   |   | (STRING@Java~Java1_6=536#486f160[`name'] Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java)STRING
       |   |   |)literal
       |   |   )unary_expression_not_plus_minus
       |   |  )executable_statement
       |   | )statement_sequence_member
       |   |)statement_sequence
       |   )block
       |  )method_declaration
       | )class_body_declaration
       |)class_body_declarations
       )class_body
      )type_declaration
     )type_declarations
     (optional_CONTROL_Z@Java~Java1_6=5#486f4e0 Line 7 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)optional_CONTROL_Z
    )compilation_unit
    

    2015年3月编辑:Here's a link to some C++ AST examples

    2015年5月编辑:DMS长期以来也在使用Java 1.7和1.8