子类化Java Builder类的设计模式

Question

给出this Dr Dobbs article，特别是构建器模式，我们如何处理子类化构建器的情况？举一个简化版的例子，我们希望子类化以添加转基因标签，一个简单的实现是：

public class NutritionFacts {                                                                                                    

    private final int calories;                                                                                                  

    public static class Builder {                                                                                                
        private int calories = 0;                                                                                                

        public Builder() {}                                                                                                      

        public Builder calories(int val) { calories = val; return this; }                                                                                                                        

        public NutritionFacts build() { return new NutritionFacts(this); }                                                       
    }                                                                                                                            

    protected NutritionFacts(Builder builder) {                                                                                  
        calories = builder.calories;                                                                                             
    }                                                                                                                            
}

子类：

public class GMOFacts extends NutritionFacts {                                                                                   

    private final boolean hasGMO;                                                                                                

    public static class Builder extends NutritionFacts.Builder {                                                                 

        private boolean hasGMO = false;                                                                                          

        public Builder() {}                                                                                                      

        public Builder GMO(boolean val) { hasGMO = val; return this; }                                                           

        public GMOFacts build() { return new GMOFacts(this); }                                                                   
    }                                                                                                                            

    protected GMOFacts(Builder builder) {                                                                                        
        super(builder);                                                                                                          
        hasGMO = builder.hasGMO;                                                                                                 
    }                                                                                                                            
}

现在，我们可以编写如下代码：

GMOFacts.Builder b = new GMOFacts.Builder();
b.GMO(true).calories(100);

但是，如果我们的订单错了，一切都会失败：

GMOFacts.Builder b = new GMOFacts.Builder();
b.calories(100).GMO(true);

问题当然是NutritionFacts.Builder返回的是NutritionFacts.Builder，而不是GMOFacts.Builder，那么我们如何解决这个问题，或者是否有更好的模式可以使用

注：this answer to a similar question提供了我上面的类；我的问题是关于确保生成器调用的顺序正确的问题

Answer 1

还有另一种根据Builder模式创建类的方法，该模式符合“优先组合而非继承”

定义父类Builder将继承的接口：

public interface FactsBuilder<T> {

    public T calories(int val);
}

NutritionFacts的实现几乎相同（除了Builder实现“FactsBuilder”接口外）：

public class NutritionFacts {

    private final int calories;

    public static class Builder implements FactsBuilder<Builder> {
        private int calories = 0;

        public Builder() {
        }

        @Override
        public Builder calories(int val) {
            return this;
        }

        public NutritionFacts build() {
            return new NutritionFacts(this);
        }
    }

    protected NutritionFacts(Builder builder) {
        calories = builder.calories;
    }
}

子类的Builder应该扩展相同的接口（不同的通用实现除外）：

public static class Builder implements FactsBuilder<Builder> {
    NutritionFacts.Builder baseBuilder;

    private boolean hasGMO = false;

    public Builder() {
        baseBuilder = new NutritionFacts.Builder();
    }

    public Builder GMO(boolean val) {
        hasGMO = val;
        return this;
    }

    public GMOFacts build() {
        return new GMOFacts(this);
    }

    @Override
    public Builder calories(int val) {
        baseBuilder.calories(val);
        return this;
    }
}

请注意，NutritionFacts.Builder是GMOFacts.Builder（称为baseBuilder）内的一个字段。从FactsBuilder接口实现的方法调用baseBuilder同名的方法：

@Override
public Builder calories(int val) {
    baseBuilder.calories(val);
    return this;
}

在GMOFacts(Builder builder)的构造函数中也有很大的变化。构造函数中对父类构造函数的第一次调用应传递适当的^{：

protected GMOFacts(Builder builder) {
    super(builder.baseBuilder);
    hasGMO = builder.hasGMO;
}

GMOFacts类的完整实现：

public class GMOFacts extends NutritionFacts {

    private final boolean hasGMO;

    public static class Builder implements FactsBuilder<Builder> {
        NutritionFacts.Builder baseBuilder;

        private boolean hasGMO = false;

        public Builder() {
        }

        public Builder GMO(boolean val) {
            hasGMO = val;
            return this;
        }

        public GMOFacts build() {
            return new GMOFacts(this);
        }

        @Override
        public Builder calories(int val) {
            baseBuilder.calories(val);
            return this;
        }
    }

    protected GMOFacts(Builder builder) {
        super(builder.baseBuilder);
        hasGMO = builder.hasGMO;
    }
}

Answer 2

为了记录在案，为了摆脱

unchecked or unsafe operations warning

对于@dimadima和@Thomas N.talk的return (T) this;语句，以下解决方案适用于某些情况

使abstract成为声明泛型类型的生成器（本例中为T extends Builder），并声明protected abstract T getThis()抽象方法，如下所示：

public abstract static class Builder<T extends Builder<T>> {

    private int calories = 0;

    public Builder() {}

    /** The solution for the unchecked cast warning. */
    public abstract T getThis();

    public T calories(int val) {
        calories = val;

        // no cast needed
        return getThis();
    }

    public NutritionFacts build() { return new NutritionFacts(this); }
}

有关更多详细信息，请参阅http://www.angelikalanger.com/GenericsFAQ/FAQSections/ProgrammingIdioms.html#FAQ205

Answer 3

基于a blog post，这种方法要求所有非叶类都是抽象的，所有叶类都必须是最终的

public abstract class TopLevel {
    protected int foo;
    protected TopLevel() {
    }
    protected static abstract class Builder
        <T extends TopLevel, B extends Builder<T, B>> {
        protected T object;
        protected B thisObject;
        protected abstract T createObject();
        protected abstract B thisObject();
        public Builder() {
            object = createObject();
            thisObject = thisObject();
        }
        public B foo(int foo) {
            object.foo = foo;
            return thisObject;
        }
        public T build() {
            return object;
        }
    }
}

然后，您就有了一些中间类，它扩展了这个类及其构建器，并且可以根据需要扩展更多：

public abstract class SecondLevel extends TopLevel {
    protected int bar;
    protected static abstract class Builder
        <T extends SecondLevel, B extends Builder<T, B>> extends TopLevel.Builder<T, B> {
        public B bar(int bar) {
            object.bar = bar;
            return thisObject;
        }
    }
}

最后是一个具体的叶类，它可以按任何顺序调用任何父类上的所有生成器方法：

public final class LeafClass extends SecondLevel {
    private int baz;
    public static final class Builder extends SecondLevel.Builder<LeafClass,Builder> {
        protected LeafClass createObject() {
            return new LeafClass();
        }
        protected Builder thisObject() {
            return this;
        }
        public Builder baz(int baz) {
            object.baz = baz;
            return thisObject;
        }
    }
}

然后，可以从层次结构中的任何类中按任意顺序调用这些方法：

public class Demo {
    LeafClass leaf = new LeafClass.Builder().baz(2).foo(1).bar(3).build();
}

Answer 4

多生成器继承的完整3级示例如下所示：

（对于为构建器提供复制构造函数的版本，请参见下面的第二个示例）

第一级-父级（可能是抽象的）

import lombok.ToString;

@ToString
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public abstract class Class1 {
    protected int f1;

    public static class Builder<C extends Class1, B extends Builder<C, B>> {
        C obj;

        protected Builder(C constructedObj) {
            this.obj = constructedObj;
        }

        B f1(int f1) {
            obj.f1 = f1;
            return (B)this;
        }

        C build() {
            return obj;
        }
    }
}

二级

import lombok.ToString;

@ToString(callSuper=true)
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public class Class2 extends Class1 {
    protected int f2;

    public static class Builder<C extends Class2, B extends Builder<C, B>> extends Class1.Builder<C, B> {
        public Builder() {
            this((C) new Class2());
        }

        protected Builder(C obj) {
            super(obj);
        }

        B f2(int f2) {
            obj.f2 = f2;
            return (B)this;
        }
    }
}

三级

import lombok.ToString;

@ToString(callSuper=true)
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public class Class3 extends Class2 {
    protected int f3;

    public static class Builder<C extends Class3, B extends Builder<C, B>> extends Class2.Builder<C, B> {
        public Builder() {
            this((C) new Class3());
        }

        protected Builder(C obj) {
            super(obj);
        }

        B f3(int f3) {
            obj.f3 = f3;
            return (B)this;
        }
    }
}

还有一个用法示例

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Class2 b1 = new Class2.Builder<>().f1(1).f2(2).build();
        System.out.println(b1);
        Class2 b2 = new Class2.Builder<>().f2(2).f1(1).build();
        System.out.println(b2);

        Class3 c1 = new Class3.Builder<>().f1(1).f2(2).f3(3).build();
        System.out.println(c1);
        Class3 c2 = new Class3.Builder<>().f3(3).f1(1).f2(2).build();
        System.out.println(c2);
        Class3 c3 = new Class3.Builder<>().f3(3).f2(2).f1(1).build();
        System.out.println(c3);
        Class3 c4 = new Class3.Builder<>().f2(2).f3(3).f1(1).build();
        System.out.println(c4);
    }
}

稍长一点的版本，为构建者提供了一个复制构造函数：

第一级-父级（可能是抽象的）

import lombok.ToString;

@ToString
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public abstract class Class1 {
    protected int f1;

    public static class Builder<C extends Class1, B extends Builder<C, B>> {
        C obj;

        protected void setObj(C obj) {
            this.obj = obj;
        }

        protected void copy(C obj) {
            this.f1(obj.f1);
        }

        B f1(int f1) {
            obj.f1 = f1;
            return (B)this;
        }

        C build() {
            return obj;
        }
    }
}

二级

import lombok.ToString;

@ToString(callSuper=true)
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public class Class2 extends Class1 {
    protected int f2;

    public static class Builder<C extends Class2, B extends Builder<C, B>> extends Class1.Builder<C, B> {
        public Builder() {
            setObj((C) new Class2());
        }

        public Builder(C obj) {
            this();
            copy(obj);
        }

        @Override
        protected void copy(C obj) {
            super.copy(obj);
            this.f2(obj.f2);
        }

        B f2(int f2) {
            obj.f2 = f2;
            return (B)this;
        }
    }
}

三级

import lombok.ToString;

@ToString(callSuper=true)
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public class Class3 extends Class2 {
    protected int f3;

    public static class Builder<C extends Class3, B extends Builder<C, B>> extends Class2.Builder<C, B> {
        public Builder() {
            setObj((C) new Class3());
        }

        public Builder(C obj) {
            this();
            copy(obj);
        }

        @Override
        protected void copy(C obj) {
            super.copy(obj);
            this.f3(obj.f3);
        }

        B f3(int f3) {
            obj.f3 = f3;
            return (B)this;
        }
    }
}

还有一个用法示例

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Class3 c4 = new Class3.Builder<>().f2(2).f3(3).f1(1).build();
        System.out.println(c4);

        // Class3 builder copy
        Class3 c42 = new Class3.Builder<>(c4).f2(12).build();
        System.out.println(c42);
        Class3 c43 = new Class3.Builder<>(c42).f2(22).f1(11).build();
        System.out.println(c43);
        Class3 c44 = new Class3.Builder<>(c43).f3(13).f1(21).build();
        System.out.println(c44);
    }
}

Answer 5

还可以重写calories()方法，让它返回扩展生成器。之所以编译，是因为Java支持covariant return types

public class GMOFacts extends NutritionFacts {
    private final boolean hasGMO;
    public static class Builder extends NutritionFacts.Builder {
        private boolean hasGMO = false;
        public Builder() {
        }
        public Builder GMO(boolean val)
        { hasGMO = val; return this; }
        public Builder calories(int val)
        { super.calories(val); return this; }
        public GMOFacts build() {
            return new GMOFacts(this);
        }
    }
    [...]
}

Answer 6

你可以用泛型来解决它。我想这叫做"Curiously recurring generic patterns"

将基类生成器方法的返回类型设为泛型参数

public class NutritionFacts {

    private final int calories;

    public static class Builder<T extends Builder<T>> {

        private int calories = 0;

        public Builder() {}

        public T calories(int val) {
            calories = val;
            return (T) this;
        }

        public NutritionFacts build() { return new NutritionFacts(this); }
    }

    protected NutritionFacts(Builder<?> builder) {
        calories = builder.calories;
    }
}

现在用派生类生成器作为泛型参数来实例化基本生成器

public class GMOFacts extends NutritionFacts {

    private final boolean hasGMO;

    public static class Builder extends NutritionFacts.Builder<Builder> {

        private boolean hasGMO = false;

        public Builder() {}

        public Builder GMO(boolean val) {
            hasGMO = val;
            return this;
        }

        public GMOFacts build() { return new GMOFacts(this); }
    }

    protected GMOFacts(Builder builder) {
        super(builder);
        hasGMO = builder.hasGMO;
    }
}