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2024-10-02 10:33:07 发布

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我在上模糊系统的课程,我在电脑上学习my notes。这意味着我必须不时地在我的电脑上绘制图表。因为这些图定义得很好,所以我觉得用numpy绘制它们是个好主意(我用乳胶做笔记,而且我对python shell很在行,所以我想我可以避开这个问题)。

fuzzy membership functions的图是高度分段的,例如:

Fuzzy Membership Function

为了绘制这个图,我尝试了numpy.piecewise的以下代码(这会给我一个隐藏的错误):

In [295]: a = np.arange(0,5,1)

In [296]: condlist = [[b<=a<b+0.25, b+0.25<=a<b+0.75, b+0.75<=a<b+1] for b in range(3)]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-296-a951e2682357> in <module>()
----> 1 condlist = [[b<=a<b+0.25, b+0.25<=a<b+0.75, b+0.75<=a<b+1] for b in range(3)]

ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()

In [297]: funclist = list(itertools.chain([lambda x:-4*x+1, lambda x: 0, lambda x:4*x+1]*3))

In [298]: np.piecewise(a, condlist, funclist)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-298-41168765ae55> in <module>()
----> 1 np.piecewise(a, condlist, funclist)

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.pyc in piecewise(x, condlist, funclist, *args, **kw)
    688     if (n != n2):
    689         raise ValueError(
--> 690                 "function list and condition list must be the same")
    691     zerod = False
    692     # This is a hack to work around problems with NumPy's

ValueError: function list and condition list must be the same

在这一点上,我对如何绘制这个函数相当困惑。我真的不理解错误消息,这进一步阻碍了我调试的努力。

最后,我希望绘制并将此函数导出到一个EPS文件中,因此我也希望能得到这些方面的帮助。


Tags: lambdainnumpyfor错误np绘制function
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1楼 · 发布于 2024-10-02 10:33:07

一般来说,当你编写代码时,numpy数组非常擅长做一些有意义的事情,就好像它们只是数字一样。链接比较是一个罕见的例外。您看到的错误本质上是这样的(由piecewise内部和ipython错误格式稍微模糊了一点):

>>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> 1.5 < a
array([False,  True,  True], dtype=bool)
>>> 
>>> 1.5 < a < 2.5
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()
>>> 
>>> (1.5 < a) & (a < 2.5)
array([False,  True, False], dtype=bool)
>>> 

您也可以使用np.logical_and,但是按位and在这里工作得很好。

就密谋而言,努比自己什么也做不了。下面是matplotlib的一个例子:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> def piecew(x):
...   conds = [x < 0, (x > 0) & (x < 1), (x > 1) & (x < 2), x > 2]
...   funcs = [lambda x: x+1, lambda x: 1, 
...            lambda x: -x + 2., lambda x: (x-2)**2]
...   return np.piecewise(x, conds, funcs)
>>>
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> xx = np.linspace(-0.5, 3.1, 100)
>>> plt.plot(xx, piecew(xx))
>>> plt.show() # or plt.savefig('foo.eps')

注意piecewise是一个反复无常的野兽。特别是,它需要它的x参数是一个数组,如果不是,它甚至不会尝试转换它(用numpy的说法:x需要是一个ndarray,而不是array_like):

>>> piecew(2.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 4, in piecew
  File "/home/br/.local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.py", line 690, in piecewise
    "function list and condition list must be the same")
ValueError: function list and condition list must be the same
>>> 
>>> piecew(np.asarray([2.1]))
array([ 0.01])

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