重要错误：没有名为“ctypes”的模块。带bokeh p的Google应用引擎

Question

• Python2.7.13
• Windows 10 64位

我一直在研究这个Udacity web dev course，并想尝试使用this example将一个简单的bokeh图嵌入到网页中。运行dev_appserver.py会产生错误：ImportError: No module named _ctypes

我有：

• 通过pip安装Bokeh和Numpy
• app.yaml中包含Numpy

This answer声明Google应用程序引擎不允许导入ctypes。但是我不确定如何确认博克的情况。这个错误是由Bokeh导入ctypes引起的吗？如果是这样的话，有工作吗？

ERROR    2017-01-21 19:14:53,799 wsgi.py:263]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 240, in Handle
    handler = _config_handle.add_wsgi_middleware(self._LoadHandler())
  File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 299, in _LoadHandler
    handler, path, err = LoadObject(self._handler)
  File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 85, in LoadObject
    obj = __import__(path[0])
  File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\main.py", line 2, in <module>
    from bokeh.plotting import figure
  File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\plotting\__init__.py", line 2, in <module
>
    from ..document import Document; Document
  File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\document.py", line 45, in <module>
    from .core.json_encoder import serialize_json
  File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\core\json_encoder.py", line 43, in <modul
e>
    import numpy as np
  File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py", line
706, in load_module
    module = self._find_and_load_module(fullname, fullname, [module_path])
  File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py", line
447, in _find_and_load_module
    return imp.load_module(fullname, source_file, path_name, description)
  File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\__init__.py", line 142, in <module>
    from . import add_newdocs
INFO     2017-01-21 19:14:53,859 module.py:806] default: "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 -
  File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\add_newdocs.py", line 13, in <module>
    from numpy.lib import add_newdoc
  File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\lib\__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
    from .type_check import *
  File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\lib\type_check.py", line 11, in <module>
    import numpy.core.numeric as _nx
  File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\core\__init__.py", line 33, in <module>
    from . import _internal  # for freeze programs
  File "D:\Python27\lib\numpy\core\_internal.py", line 14, in <module>
    import ctypes
  File "D:\Python27\lib\ctypes\__init__.py", line 7, in <module>
    from _ctypes import Union, Structure, Array
  File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py", line
964, in load_module
    raise ImportError('No module named %s' % fullname)
ImportError: No module named _ctypes

应用程序yaml：

runtime: python27
api_version: 1
threadsafe: true

handlers:
- url: /.*
  script: main.app

libraries:
- name: jinja2
  version: latest
- name: numpy
  version: latest

主.py

import os, webapp2, jinja2
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.embed import components

plot = figure()
plot.circle([1,2], [3,4])
script, div = components(plot)

template_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')
jinja_env = jinja2.Environment(loader = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(template_dir),
                                autoescape = True)

class Handler(webapp2.RequestHandler):
    def write(self, *a, **kw):
        self.response.write(*a, **kw)

    def render_str(self, template, **kw):
        t = jinja_env.get_template(template)
        return t.render(kw)

    def render(self, template, **kw):
        self.write(self.render_str(template, **kw))

class MainPage(Handler):
    def get(self):
        self.render("chart.html", script = script, div = div)

app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([
    ('/', MainPage),
], debug=True)

查特.html

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block content %}

<!-- Load BokehJS -->
<link
    href="http://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-0.12.0.min.css"
    rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link
    href="http://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-0.12.0.min.css"
    rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

<script src="http://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-0.12.0.min.js"></script>
<script src="http://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-0.12.0.min.js"></script>

{{ script }}
{{ div }}

{% endblock %}

基.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Udacity Templates!</title>
</head>
<body style="margin: 0">
    <h1 style="background-color: #ddd; color: #888; margin: 0; height: 50px">Udacity Templates</h1>
    {% block content %}
    {% endblock %}
</body>
</html>

gcloud版本

• 谷歌云SDK 139.0.1
• 应用引擎Python1.9.49
• bq 2.0.24标准
• bq赢2.0.24
• 捆绑的Python2.7.10
• 核心2017.01.12
• 核心胜利2016.11.07
• 云
• gsutil 4.22标准
• gsutil win 4.20版
• powershell 1.0.0.1版
• windows ssh工具2016.05.13

更新1: 我已经卸载了numpy 1.12.0并安装了numpy1.6.1。我现在得到这个错误：

NP_MS_DELTA = np.timedelta64(1, 'ms')
TypeError: function takes at most 1 argument (2 given)

This状态numpy 1.6.1不能在标量构造函数中指定单位。这是否意味着Bokeh依赖于numpy>；1.6.1？

ERROR    2017-01-22 10:37:45,980 wsgi.py:263]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 240, in Handle
    handler = _config_handle.add_wsgi_middleware(self._LoadHandler())
  File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 299, in _LoadHandler
    handler, path, err = LoadObject(self._handler)
  File "C:\Users\AppData\Local\Google\Cloud SDK\google-cloud-sdk\platform
\google_appengine\google\appengine\runtime\wsgi.py", line 85, in LoadObject
    obj = __import__(path[0])
  File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\main.py", line 2, in <module>
    from bokeh.plotting import figure
  File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\plotting\__init__.py", line 2, in <module
>
    from ..document import Document; Document
  File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\document.py", line 45, in <module>
    from .core.json_encoder import serialize_json
  File "C:\Users\Google Drive\Udacity web development 2017\udacit
y-cs253\bokeh\1_docs_example\lib\bokeh\core\json_encoder.py", line 53, in <modul
e>
    NP_MS_DELTA = np.timedelta64(1, 'ms')
TypeError: function takes at most 1 argument (2 given)
INFO     2017-01-22 10:37:46,170 module.py:806] default: "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 -

更新2:

这让我想起了我安装Bokeh的时候。下载依赖项numpy时，它似乎依赖于numpy>；=1.7.1：

Collecting numpy>=1.7.1 (from Bokeh)

Answer 1

编辑：请看下面的答案，从谷歌获得一个新的解决方法。

---

我可以明确声明Bokeh本身不直接在库中的任何地方使用ctypes。但它确实使用了NumPy，而且至少有些版本的NumPy确实使用了ctypes？此链接：

http://kawahara.ca/using-numpy-on-google-app-engine-with-the-anaconda-python-distribution/

似乎表明GAE上只支持NumPy的1.6版本。我可能认为这可能是因为那个版本没有使用ctypes，或者是因为Google特别地将那个版本白名单为可以接受的。

因此建议专门安装NumPy 1.6，而不是最新版本（使用pip或conda或其他什么）。

Answer 2

谷歌发布的解决方案如下：

https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/38290292

• 转到<sdk_root>\google\appengine\tools\devappserver2\python\sandbox.py

• 找到_WHITE_LIST_C_MODULES = [xxx]
  的定义 在列表中添加以下两行：

  '_winreg',
  '_ctypes',
  

• 请重试你的应用程序。

为我工作。

Answer 3

我用了两次黑客攻击让dev服务器运行

ImportError: No module named _ctypes

这实际上是烧瓶引起的 新烧瓶使用名为click的库，该库使用ctypes Gae不允许ctypes 解决方案： 安装和旧版本的click with

pip install --target lib --upgrade click==5.1

这将修复ctypes，但会导致另一个错误

ImportError: No module named msvcrt

通过将这些行添加到appengine_config.py（与app.yaml位于同一文件夹中）可以很容易地解决这个问题

import os, sys

on_appengine = os.environ.get('SERVER_SOFTWARE','').startswith('Development')
if on_appengine and os.name == 'nt':
    sys.platform = "Not Windows"

在此dev服务器启动并工作之后