类型和类型的区别是什么？在python中是new？

Question

我正在写一个元类，不小心就这样做了：

class MetaCls(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dict):
        return type(name, bases, dict)

……而不是像这样：

class MetaCls(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dict):
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, dict)

这两个元类到底有什么区别？更具体地说，是什么导致第一个类不能正常工作（一些类不是由元类调用的）？

Answer 1

在第一个示例中，您正在创建一个全新的类：

>>> class MetaA(type):
...     def __new__(cls, name, bases, dct):
...         print 'MetaA.__new__'
...         return type(name, bases, dct)
...     def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
...         print 'MetaA.__init__'
... 
>>> class A(object):
...     __metaclass__ = MetaA
... 
MetaA.__new__
>>> 

在第二种情况下，调用父的__new__：

>>> class MetaA(type):
...     def __new__(cls, name, bases, dct):
...         print 'MetaA.__new__'
...         return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, dct)
...     def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
...         print 'MetaA.__init__'
... 
>>> class A(object):
...     __metaclass__ = MetaA
... 
MetaA.__new__
MetaA.__init__
>>> 

Answer 2

首先需要弄清楚object.__new__()是如何工作的。

这是来自下面的documentation：

object.__new__(cls[, ...])

Called to create a new instance of class cls. __new__() is a static method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such) that takes the class of which an instance was requested as its first argument. The remaining arguments are those passed to the object constructor expression (the call to the class). The return value of __new__() should be the new object instance (usually an instance of cls).

Typical implementations create a new instance of the class by invoking the superclass’s __new__() method using super(currentclass, cls).__new__(cls[, ...]) with appropriate arguments and then modifying the newly-created instance as necessary before returning it.

If __new__() returns an instance of cls, then the new instance’s __init__() method will be invoked like __init__(self[, ...]), where self is the new instance and the remaining arguments are the same as were passed to __new__().

If __new__() does not return an instance of cls, then the new instance’s __init__() method will not be invoked.

__new__() is intended mainly to allow subclasses of immutable types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance creation. It is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in order to customize class creation.

所以在mg'sanswer中，前者不调用函数__init__，后者在调用__new__后调用函数__init__。

Answer 3

请参阅下面的注释，希望对您有所帮助。

class MetaCls(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dict):
        # return a new type named "name",this type has nothing
        # to do with MetaCls,and MetaCl.__init__ won't be invoked
        return type(name, bases, dict)

class MetaCls(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dict):
        # return a new type named "name",the returned type 
        # is an instance of cls,and cls here is "MetaCls", so 
        # the next step can invoke MetaCls.__init__ 
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, dict)