链接四元数学库？用ctypes代替fortran包装器？

subroutine multxy(x,y,z) integer, parameter :: flt = selected_real_kind(15) real(flt), intent(in) :: x,y real(flt), intent(out) :: z write(*,'(a,3g12.5)')'multxy' write(*,'(a,3g12.5)')'multxy',x,y,x*y z = x*y end subroutine multxy

running build running config_cc unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options running config_fc unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options running build_src build_src building extension "multxyC" sources f2py options: [] f2py:> C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7\multxyCmodule.c creating C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7 Reading fortran codes... Reading file 'multxy.f90' (format:free) Post-processing... Block: multxyC Block: multxy Post-processing (stage 2)... Building modules... Building module "multxyC"... Constructing wrapper function "multxy"... z = multxy(x,y) Wrote C/API module "multxyC" to file "C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7\multxyCmodule.c" adding 'C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7\fortranobject.c' to sources. adding 'C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7' to include_dirs. copying c:\program files\python37\lib\site-packages\numpy\f2py\src\fortranobject.c -> C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7 copying c:\program files\python37\lib\site-packages\numpy\f2py\src\fortranobject.h -> C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7 build_src: building npy-pkg config files running build_ext No module named 'numpy.distutils._msvccompiler' in numpy.distutils; trying from distutils customize MSVCCompiler customize MSVCCompiler using build_ext get_default_fcompiler: matching types: '['gnu', 'intelv', 'absoft', 'compaqv', 'intelev', 'gnu95', 'g95', 'intelvem', 'intelem', 'flang']' customize GnuFCompiler Could not locate executable g77 Could not locate executable f77 customize IntelVisualFCompiler Could not locate executable ifort Could not locate executable ifl customize AbsoftFCompiler Could not locate executable f90 customize CompaqVisualFCompiler Found executable C:\cwin\bin\DF.exe customize IntelItaniumVisualFCompiler Could not locate executable efl customize Gnu95FCompiler Found executable C:\cwin\bin\gfortran.exe Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=/usr/bin/gfortran COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-cygwin/8.3.0/lto-wrapper.exe Target: x86_64-pc-cygwin Configured with: /cygdrive/i/szsz/tmpp/gcc/gcc-8.3.0-1.x86_64/src/gcc-8.3.0/configure --srcdir=/cygdrive/i/szsz/tmpp/gcc/gcc-8.3.0-1.x86_64/src/gcc-8.3.0 --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/usr --localstatedir=/var --sysconfdir=/etc --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gcc --htmldir=/usr/share/doc/gcc/html -C --build=x86_64-pc-cygwin --host=x86_64-pc-cygwin --target=x86_64-pc-cygwin --without-libiconv-prefix --without-libintl-prefix --libexecdir=/usr/lib --enable-shared --enable-shared-libgcc --enable-static --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs --enable-bootstrap --enable-__cxa_atexit --with-dwarf2 --with-tune=generic --enable-languages=ada,c,c++,fortran,lto,objc,obj-c++ --enable-graphite --enable-threads=posix --enable-libatomic --enable-libgomp --enable-libitm --enable-libquadmath --enable-libquadmath-support --disable-libssp --enable-libada --disable-symvers --with-gnu-ld --with-gnu-as --with-cloog-include=/usr/include/cloog-isl --without-libiconv-prefix --without-libintl-prefix --with-system-zlib --enable-linker-build-id --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=gcc4-compatible --enable-libstdcxx-filesystem-ts Thread model: posix gcc version 8.3.0 (GCC) customize Gnu95FCompiler Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=/usr/bin/gfortran COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-cygwin/8.3.0/lto-wrapper.exe Target: x86_64-pc-cygwin Configured with: /cygdrive/i/szsz/tmpp/gcc/gcc-8.3.0-1.x86_64/src/gcc-8.3.0/configure --srcdir=/cygdrive/i/szsz/tmpp/gcc/gcc-8.3.0-1.x86_64/src/gcc-8.3.0 --prefix=/usr --exec-prefix=/usr --localstatedir=/var --sysconfdir=/etc --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gcc --htmldir=/usr/share/doc/gcc/html -C --build=x86_64-pc-cygwin --host=x86_64-pc-cygwin --target=x86_64-pc-cygwin --without-libiconv-prefix --without-libintl-prefix --libexecdir=/usr/lib --enable-shared --enable-shared-libgcc --enable-static --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs --enable-bootstrap --enable-__cxa_atexit --with-dwarf2 --with-tune=generic --enable-languages=ada,c,c++,fortran,lto,objc,obj-c++ --enable-graphite --enable-threads=posix --enable-libatomic --enable-libgomp --enable-libitm --enable-libquadmath --enable-libquadmath-support --disable-libssp --enable-libada --disable-symvers --with-gnu-ld --with-gnu-as --with-cloog-include=/usr/include/cloog-isl --without-libiconv-prefix --without-libintl-prefix --with-system-zlib --enable-linker-build-id --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=gcc4-compatible --enable-libstdcxx-filesystem-ts Thread model: posix gcc version 8.3.0 (GCC) customize Gnu95FCompiler using build_ext building 'multxyC' extension compiling C sources creating C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\cwin creating C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\cwin\tmp creating C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7 creating C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7 C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.23.28105\bin\HostX86\x64\cl.exe /c /nologo /Ox /W3 /GL /DNDEBUG /MT -IC:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7 -Ic:\program files\python37\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\include -Ic:\program files\python37\include -Ic:\program files\python37\include -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.23.28105\ATLMFC\include -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.23.28105\include -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\ucrt -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\shared -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\um -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\winrt -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\cppwinrt /TcC:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7\multxyCmodule.c /FoC:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7\multxyCmodule.obj C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.23.28105\bin\HostX86\x64\cl.exe /c /nologo /Ox /W3 /GL /DNDEBUG /MT -IC:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7 -Ic:\program files\python37\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\include -Ic:\program files\python37\include -Ic:\program files\python37\include -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.23.28105\ATLMFC\include -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.23.28105\include -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\ucrt -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\shared -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\um -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\winrt -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\cppwinrt /TcC:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7\fortranobject.c /FoC:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7\fortranobject.obj compiling Fortran sources Fortran f77 compiler: C:\cwin\bin\gfortran.exe -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -O3 -funroll-loops Fortran f90 compiler: C:\cwin\bin\gfortran.exe -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -O3 -funroll-loops Fortran fix compiler: C:\cwin\bin\gfortran.exe -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -O3 -funroll-loops compile options: '-IC:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\src.win-amd64-3.7 -Ic:\program files\python37\lib\site-packages\numpy\core\include -Ic:\program files\python37\include -Ic:\program files\python37\include -c' gfortran.exe:f90: multxy.f90 C:\cwin\bin\gfortran.exe -Wall -g -Wall -g -shared ..\..\..\..\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\multxy.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-cygwin/8.3.0 -Lc:\program files\python37\libs -Lc:\program files\python37\PCbuild\amd64 -o C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\.libs\libmultxy.J7YCD6VUIR3DWPQ3PSLGVWZTCQ2KMJO6.gfortran-win_amd64.dll -Wl,--allow-multiple-definition -Wl,--output-def,C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\libmultxy.J7YCD6VUIR3DWPQ3PSLGVWZTCQ2KMJO6.gfortran-win_amd64.def -Wl,--export-all-symbols -Wl,--enable-auto-import -static -mlong-double-64 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-cygwin/8.3.0/../../../../x86_64-pc-cygwin/bin/ld: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-cygwin/8.3.0/libgfortran.a(read.o): in function `_gfortrani_convert_real': /usr/src/debug/gcc-8.3.0-1/libgfortran/io/read.c:173:(.text$_gfortrani_convert_real+0x85): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol `strtoflt128' /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-cygwin/8.3.0/../../../../x86_64-pc-cygwin/bin/ld: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-cygwin/8.3.0/libgfortran.a(read.o): in function `_gfortrani_convert_infnan': /usr/src/debug/gcc-8.3.0-1/libgfortran/io/read.c:249:(.text$_gfortrani_convert_infnan+0x5c): relocation truncated to fit: R_X86_64_PC32 against undefined symbol `strtoflt128' collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status error: Command "C:\cwin\bin\gfortran.exe -Wall -g -Wall -g -shared ..\..\..\..\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\multxy.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-cygwin/8.3.0 -Lc:\program files\python37\libs -Lc:\program files\python37\PCbuild\amd64 -o C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\.libs\libmultxy.J7YCD6VUIR3DWPQ3PSLGVWZTCQ2KMJO6.gfortran-win_amd64.dll -Wl,--allow-multiple-definition -Wl,--output-def,C:\cwin\tmp\tmprix0z7i7\Release\libmultxy.J7YCD6VUIR3DWPQ3PSLGVWZTCQ2KMJO6.gfortran-win_amd64.def -Wl,--export-all-symbols -Wl,--enable-auto-import -static -mlong-double-64" failed with exit status 1

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1楼 · 发布于 2024-10-02 06:23:08

我没有准确地找出问题所在，所以请不要因为这个不回答而责怪我。我只想用一个简单的包装器包装一些fortran。我解决了这个问题，所以这篇文章是我的答案。我张贴它，希望它可以帮助其他人与类似的问题。你知道吗

在这篇文章发表后，我决定我需要降到一个较低的级别来弄清楚到底发生了什么。由于f2py是基于C-api构建的，所以我决定直接使用它。C-fortran互操作性定义良好。我得到了一些简单的代码来工作，但当我开始研究传递数组和阅读有关引用计数的内容时，我被吓坏了。因此，我决定C-api对于我的需求来说，它的级别太低了。Cython似乎倾向于编写可编译的类似Python的代码。我最终决定使用ctypes，因为我真正需要的是转换内部python类型，然后调用（它认为是）c代码。这里有一些例子，但似乎没有一个完全适合，所以我将张贴一些测试代码，希望它可以帮助其他人。该示例显示函数和子例程来回传递int、double和数组。如果.so被.dll替换，那么同样的代码在windows中也可以工作

fortran是：

Integer Function intfunc(n)
   integer, intent(in) :: n
   intfunc = n*n
end Function intfunc
!                                            -
subroutine Asub(acf,af)
   include 'defs.fi' !  integer, parameter :: float = selected_real_kind(12)
   Real(float), intent(in) :: acf
   Real(float), intent(out) :: af
   if(acf < 0.49)then
      af = 0.37464 + acf*(1.54226 - 0.26992*acf)
   else
      af = 0.379642 + acf*(1.48503 + acf*(-0.164423 + 0.016666*acf))
   endif
end subroutine Asub
!                                            -
Function Afactor(acf) result(af)
   include 'defs.fi'
   Real(float), intent(in) :: acf
   Real(float) :: af
   if(acf < 0.49)then
      af = 0.37464 + acf*(1.54226 - 0.26992*acf)
   else
      af = 0.379642 + acf*(1.48503 + acf*(-0.164423 + 0.016666*acf))
   endif
End Function Afactor
!                                            -
Function MultXY(x,y) result(z)
   include 'defs.fi'
   Real(float), intent(in) :: x,y
   Real(float)::z
   z = x*y
End Function MultXY
!                                            -
subroutine arrays(n,m,a)
   include 'defs.fi'
   integer, intent(in) :: n,m
   real(float), intent(out) :: a(n,m)
   integer :: i,j
   do j=1,m
      do i=1,n
         a(i,j) = real(100*i+j,float)
      enddo
   enddo
end subroutine arrays

代码通过以下方式编译到共享库中：

gfortran -shared -o code.so code.f90 -fPIC -Xlinker -Map=code.map

它可以使用以下python代码运行。这段代码中的许多步骤可以组合在一起，但我认为分解它们更能说明问题。我不完全理解函数原型（argtypes&restypes）。它们似乎允许一些快捷方式，例如Python执行适当的强制转换。有人能详细说明一下吗？你知道吗

import ctypes as ct
import numpy as np
from numpy.ctypeslib import ndpointer
flib = ct.CDLL('code.so')
flib.asub_.argtypes = [ct.POINTER(ct.c_double),ct.POINTER(ct.c_double)]
flib.afactor_.argtypes = [ct.POINTER(ct.c_double)]
flib.afactor_.restype = ct.c_double
flib.multxy_.argtypes = [ct.POINTER(ct.c_double),ct.POINTER(ct.c_double)]
flib.multxy_.restype = ct.c_double
flib.arrays_.argtypes = [ct.POINTER(ct.c_int),ct.POINTER(ct.c_int),ndpointer(ct.c_double)]
def main():
   nval = 4
   nptr = ct.pointer(ct.c_int(nval))
   # integer function intfunc(n)
   nx = flib.intfunc_(nptr)
   print('intfunc(',nval,') =',nx)
   x = 0.35
   xc = ct.c_double(x)
   yc = ct.c_double(0.50)
   zc = ct.c_double(0.0)
   # subroutine Asub(acf,af)
   flib.asub_(ct.byref(xc),ct.byref(zc))
   z = zc.value
   x = xc.value
   y = yc.value
   print(' x,z =',x,z)
   # Function Afactor(acf) result(af)
   z = flib.afactor_(ct.byref(xc))
   print(' x,z =',x,z)
   # Function MultXY(x,y) result(z)
   z = flib.multxy_(ct.byref(xc),ct.byref(yc))
   print('multxy(',x,y,') =',z)
   n = 3
   m = 4
   nc = ct.c_int(n)
   mc = ct.c_int(m)
   a = np.empty((m,n),dtype=np.double) # m,n not n,m
   # subroutine arrays(n,m,a)
   flib.arrays_(ct.byref(nc),ct.byref(mc),a)
   for i in range(n):   # note reversal of indices
      for j in range(m):
         print('i,j,a(j,i) =',i+1,j+1,a[j,i])
main()

输出为：

intfunc( 4 ) = 16
 x,z = 0.35 0.8813658067584037
 x,z = 0.35 0.8813658067584037
multxy( 0.35 0.5 ) = 0.175
i,j,a(j,i) = 1 1 101.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 1 2 102.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 1 3 103.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 1 4 104.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 2 1 201.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 2 2 202.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 2 3 203.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 2 4 204.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 3 1 301.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 3 2 302.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 3 3 303.0
i,j,a(j,i) = 3 4 304.0

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