如何实现粒子引擎

2024-09-27 09:34:01 发布

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因此,我制作了一个烟雾粒子引擎,我很高兴它能很好地适应我的游戏。
我现在需要把它应用到我的游戏中,我有点麻烦了。我想知道是否有人能解释我在游戏中如何使用我的粒子引擎。
我在下面添加了两个代码(用于smoke和我的游戏文件)。
我想将粒子与游戏文件分开,但在游戏中调用它。
最后,我想在引擎中制造更多的粒子效果,我也可以调用它。

有人能帮忙吗?它可能需要一些调整才能工作。

<强>粒子代码:< /强>

import pygame,random
from pygame.locals import *

xmax = 1000    #width of window
ymax = 600     #height of window

class Smoke():
    def __init__(self, startx, starty, col):
        self.x = startx
        self.y = random.randint(0, starty)
        self.col = col
        self.sx = startx
        self.sy = starty

    def move(self):
        if self.y < 0:
            self.x = self.sx
            self.y = self.sy
        else:
            self.y -= 1
        self.x += random.randint(-1, 2)

def main():
    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((xmax,ymax))
    black = (0,0,0)
    grey = (145,145,145)
    light_grey = (192,192,192)
    dark_grey = (183, 183, 183)

    clock = pygame.time.Clock()

    particles = []
    for part in range(600):
        if part % 2 > 0: col = grey
        #elif part % 5 > 0: col = dark_grey
        elif part % 3 > 0: col = dark_grey
        else: col = light_grey
        particles.append( Smoke(0, 500, col) )

    exitflag = False
    while not exitflag:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == QUIT:
                exitflag = True
            elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
                if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
                    exitflag = True

        screen.fill(black)
        for p in particles:
            p.move()
            pygame.draw.circle(screen, p.col, (p.x, p.y), 15)

        pygame.display.flip()
        clock.tick(80)
    pygame.quit()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

游戏代码

import pygame
from pygame import *

WIN_WIDTH = 1120 - 320
WIN_HEIGHT = 960 - 320
HALF_WIDTH = int(WIN_WIDTH / 2)
HALF_HEIGHT = int(WIN_HEIGHT / 2)

DISPLAY = (WIN_WIDTH, WIN_HEIGHT)
DEPTH = 0
FLAGS = 0
CAMERA_SLACK = 30

levels = {0: {'level': [
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                         E  ",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "               PPPPP        PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP           P",
                    "                            PPPP           P",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                      PPPPPPPPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "       PPPP                 PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPP                       PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                         PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                         PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                         PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP         PPPPP           PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                                     PPPP",
                    "PPP                                     PPPP",
                    "PPP                                     PPPP",
                    "PPP                       PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                       PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",],
             'enemies': [(9, 38)]},
             1: {'level': [
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                         E  ",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "               PPPPP        PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP           P",
                    "                            PPPP           P",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                      PPPPPPPPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "       PPPP                 PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPP                       PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                  PPPPPPPPPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                         PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                         PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP             PPPPPPPP    PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                                     PPPP",
                    "PPP                                     PPPP",
                    "PPP          PPPPP                      PPPP",
                    "PPP          P            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPP          P    PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",],
             'enemies': [(9, 38), (18, 38), (15, 15)]}}

class Scene(object):
    def __init__(self):
        pass

    def render(self, screen):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def update(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def handle_events(self, events):
        raise NotImplementedError

class GameScene(Scene):
    def __init__(self, levelno):
        super(GameScene, self).__init__()
        self.bg = Surface((32,32))
        self.bg.convert()
        self.bg.fill(Color("#0094FF"))
        up = left = right = False
        self.entities = pygame.sprite.Group()
        self.player = Player(5, 40)
        self.player.scene = self
        self.platforms = []

        self.levelno = levelno

        levelinfo = levels[levelno]
        self.enemies = [Enemy(*pos) for pos in levelinfo['enemies']]

        level = levelinfo['level']
        total_level_width = len(level[0]) * 32
        total_level_height = len(level) * 32

        # build the level
        x = 0
        y = 0
        for row in level:
            for col in row:
                if col == "P":
                    p = Platform(x, y)
                    self.platforms.append(p)
                    self.entities.add(p)
                if col == "E":
                    e = ExitBlock(x, y)
                    self.platforms.append(e)
                    self.entities.add(e)
                x += 32
            y += 32
            x = 0

        self.camera = Camera(complex_camera, total_level_width, total_level_height)
        self.entities.add(self.player)
        for e in self.enemies:
            self.entities.add(e)

    def render(self, screen):
        for y in range(20):
            for x in range(25):
                screen.blit(self.bg, (x * 32, y * 32))

        for e in self.entities:
            screen.blit(e.image, self.camera.apply(e))

    def update(self):
        pressed = pygame.key.get_pressed()
        up, left, right = [pressed[key] for key in (K_UP, K_LEFT, K_RIGHT)]
        self.player.update(up, left, right, self.platforms)

        for e in self.enemies:
            e.update(self.platforms)

        self.camera.update(self.player)

    def exit(self):
        if self.levelno+1 in levels:
            self.manager.go_to(GameScene(self.levelno+1))
        else:
            self.manager.go_to(CustomScene("You win!"))

    def die(self):
        self.manager.go_to(CustomScene("You lose!"))

    def handle_events(self, events):
        for e in events:
            if e.type == KEYDOWN and e.key == K_ESCAPE:
                self.manager.go_to(TitleScene())

class CustomScene(object):

    def __init__(self, text):
        self.text = text
        super(CustomScene, self).__init__()
        self.font = pygame.font.SysFont('Arial', 56)

    def render(self, screen):
        # ugly! 
        screen.fill((0, 200, 0))
        text1 = self.font.render(self.text, True, (255, 255, 255))
        screen.blit(text1, (200, 50))

    def update(self):
        pass

    def handle_events(self, events):
        for e in events:
            if e.type == KEYDOWN:
                self.manager.go_to(TitleScene())

class TitleScene(object):

    def __init__(self):
        super(TitleScene, self).__init__()
        self.font = pygame.font.SysFont('Arial', 56)
        self.sfont = pygame.font.SysFont('Arial', 32)

    def render(self, screen):
        # ugly! 
        screen.fill((0, 200, 0))
        text1 = self.font.render('Crazy Game', True, (255, 255, 255))
        text2 = self.sfont.render('> press space to start <', True, (255, 255, 255))
        screen.blit(text1, (200, 50))
        screen.blit(text2, (200, 350))

    def update(self):
        pass

    def handle_events(self, events):
        for e in events:
            if e.type == KEYDOWN and e.key == K_SPACE:
                self.manager.go_to(GameScene(0))

class SceneMananger(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.go_to(TitleScene())

    def go_to(self, scene):
        self.scene = scene
        self.scene.manager = self

def main():
    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode(DISPLAY, FLAGS, DEPTH)
    pygame.display.set_caption("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ")
    timer = pygame.time.Clock()
    running = True

    manager = SceneMananger()

    while running:
        timer.tick(60)

        if pygame.event.get(QUIT):
            running = False
            return
        manager.scene.handle_events(pygame.event.get())
        manager.scene.update()
        manager.scene.render(screen)
        pygame.display.flip()

class Camera(object):
    def __init__(self, camera_func, width, height):
        self.camera_func = camera_func
        self.state = Rect(0, 0, width, height)

    def apply(self, target):
        try:
            return target.rect.move(self.state.topleft)
        except AttributeError:
            return map(sum, zip(target, self.state.topleft))

    def update(self, target):
        self.state = self.camera_func(self.state, target.rect)

def complex_camera(camera, target_rect):
    l, t, _, _ = target_rect
    _, _, w, h = camera
    l, t, _, _ = -l + HALF_WIDTH, -t +HALF_HEIGHT, w, h

    l = min(0, l)                           # stop scrolling left
    l = max(-(camera.width - WIN_WIDTH), l)   # stop scrolling right
    t = max(-(camera.height-WIN_HEIGHT), t) # stop scrolling bottom

    return Rect(l, t, w, h)

class Entity(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)

class Player(Entity):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        Entity.__init__(self)
        self.xvel = 0
        self.yvel = 0
        self.onGround = False
        self.image = Surface((32,32))
        self.image.fill(Color("#0000FF"))
        self.image.convert()
        self.rect = Rect(x*32, y*32, 32, 32)

    def update(self, up, left, right, platforms):
        if self.rect.top > 1440 or self.rect.top < 0:
            self.scene.die()
        if self.rect.left > 1408 or self.rect.right < 0:
            self.scene.die()
        if up:
            if self.onGround:
                self.yvel = 0
                self.yvel -= 10 # only jump if on the ground
        if left:
            self.xvel = -10
        if right:
            self.xvel = 10
        if not self.onGround:
            self.yvel += 0.3 # only accelerate with gravity if in the air
            if self.yvel > 80: self.yvel = 80 # max falling speed
        if not(left or right):
            self.xvel = 0

        self.rect.left += self.xvel # increment in x direction
        if self.collide(self.xvel, 0, platforms): # do x-axis collisions
            self.rect.top += self.yvel # increment in y direction
            self.onGround = False; # assuming we're in the air
            self.collide(0, self.yvel, platforms) # do y-axis collisions

    def collide(self, xvel, yvel, platforms):
        for p in platforms:
            if pygame.sprite.collide_rect(self, p):
                if isinstance(p, ExitBlock):
                    self.scene.exit()
                    return False
                if xvel > 0: self.rect.right = p.rect.left
                if xvel < 0: self.rect.left = p.rect.right
                if yvel > 0:
                    self.rect.bottom = p.rect.top
                    self.onGround = True
                if yvel < 0:
                    self.rect.top = p.rect.bottom
        return True

class Enemy(Entity):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        Entity.__init__(self)
        self.yVel = 0
        self.xVel = 2 # start moving immediately
        self.image = Surface((32,32))
        self.image.fill(Color("#00FF00"))
        self.image.convert()
        self.rect = Rect(x*32, y*32, 32, 32)
        self.onGround = False

    def update(self, platforms):
        if not self.onGround:
            self.yVel += 0.3

        # no need for right_dis to be a member of the class,
        # since we know we are moving right if self.xVel > 0
        right_dis = self.xVel > 0

        # create a point at our left (or right) feet 
        # to check if we reached the end of the platform
        m = (1, 1) if right_dis else (-1, 1)
        p = self.rect.bottomright if right_dis else self.rect.bottomleft
        fp = map(sum, zip(m, p))

        # if there's no platform in front of us, change the direction
        collide = any(p for p in platforms if p.rect.collidepoint(fp))
        if not collide:
            self.xVel *= -1

        self.rect.left += self.xVel # increment in x direction
        self.collide(self.xVel, 0, platforms) # do x-axis collisions
        self.rect.top += self.yVel # increment in y direction
        self.onGround = False; # assuming we're in the air
        self.collide(0, self.yVel, platforms) # do y-axis collisions

    def collide(self, xVel, yVel, platforms):
        for p in platforms:
            if pygame.sprite.collide_rect(self, p):
                if xVel > 0: 
                    self.rect.right = p.rect.left
                    self.xVel *= -1 # hit wall, so change direction
                if xVel < 0: 
                    self.rect.left = p.rect.right
                    self.xVel *= -1 # hit wall, so change direction
                if yVel > 0:
                    self.rect.bottom = p.rect.top
                    self.onGround = True
                if yVel < 0:
                    self.rect.top = p.rect.bottom

class Platform(Entity):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        Entity.__init__(self)
        #self.image = Surface([32, 32], pygame.SRCALPHA, 32) #makes blocks invisible for much better artwork
        self.image = Surface((32,32)) #makes blocks visible for building levels
        self.image.convert()
        self.rect = Rect(x, y, 32, 32)

    def update(self):
        pass

class ExitBlock(Platform):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        Platform.__init__(self, x, y)
        self.image = Surface((32,32)) #makes blocks visible for building levels
        self.image.convert()
        self.rect = Rect(x, y, 32, 32)




if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Tags: inrectselfrightforifinitdef
1条回答
网友
1楼 · 发布于 2024-09-27 09:34:01

当心!长柱!

粒子

首先,让我们看看您的Smoke类。它包含一些冒烟行为,但主循环也包含。让我们通过创建一个泛型Particle类来解决这个问题,该类只表示一个粒子:

class Particle():
    def __init__(self, col, size, *strategies):
        self.x, self.y = 0, 0
        self.col = col
        self.alive = 0
        self.strategies = strategies
        self.size = size

    def kill(self):
        self.alive = -1 # alive -1 means dead

    def move(self):
        for s in self.strategies:
            s(self)   

这个班做的不多。在某种程度上,它的所有行为(简单函数)都传递给它的__init__函数,粒子在move方法中将这些函数应用于自身。

粒子的行为

既然我们的粒子类是灵活的,让我们考虑一下粒子应该如何表现,使一堆看起来像烟雾。

烟雾粒子应该上升,所以我们创建一个向上移动粒子的函数:

def ascending(speed):
    def _ascending(particle):
        particle.y -= speed
    return _ascending

烟粒子应该在某个点死亡,所以让我们编写一个在特定条件下杀死的函数:

def kill_at(max_x, max_y):
    def _kill_at(particle):
        if particle.x < -max_x or particle.x > max_x or particle.y < -max_y or particle.y > max_y:
            particle.kill()
    return _kill_at

我们需要跟踪一个粒子存活的时间(稍后会派上用场),所以我们需要一个函数,让一个粒子老化

def age(amount):
    def _age(particle):
        particle.alive += amount
    return _age

当烟上升时,它不应该直线上升(多么无聊!),但它应该扇出:

def fan_out(modifier):
    def _fan_out(particle):
        d = particle.alive / modifier
        d += 1
        particle.x += random.randint(-d, d)
    return _fan_out

很好!现在我们的烟可以扇出,但还是有点无聊,所以我们来编写一个模拟小风的函数:

def wind(direction, strength):
    def _wind(particle):
        if random.randint(0,100) < strength:
            particle.x += direction
    return _wind

我们现在有了一系列描述粒子行为的函数。它们都很小,都是自给自足的。您可以创建无限数量的粒子,并根据需要组合它们以创建不同的粒子。

烟雾

实际上是时候制造一些粒子了:进入烟雾机!

def smoke_machine():
    colors = {0: grey,
              1: dark_grey,
              2: light_grey}
    def create():
        for _ in xrange(random.choice([0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,3])):
            behaviour = age(1), ascending(1), fan_out(400), wind(1, 15), kill_at(1000, 1000)
            p = Particle(colors[random.randint(0, 2)], random.randint(10, 15), *behaviour)
            yield p

    while True:
        yield create()

这到底是什么?容易的。它是一个不断发射新粒子的发生器。每当有人想要检索出下一个项(如果是的话),它就会调用它的嵌套create函数。该函数根据random.choice的输入列表依次返回0到3个粒子。这是一个很好的说法,它返回0个有70%几率的粒子,返回1、2或3个有10%几率的粒子。

在下一行中,我们定义粒子的行为。它只是一组函数。注意每个函数调用如何返回其嵌套函数。这样这些函数就被参数化了。

最后一步是随机为粒子指定颜色和大小。

您可以从命令行对其进行测试,以了解其工作原理:

>>> s=smoke_machine()
>>> list(next(s))
[]
>>> list(next(s))
[<particle.Particle instance at 0x02AD94B8>, <particle.Particle instance at 0x02
AD9030>]
>>> list(next(s))
[]
>>> list(next(s))
[]
>>> list(next(s))
[<particle.Particle instance at 0x02AD9030>]
>>> list(next(s))
[<particle.Particle instance at 0x02AD9418>, <particle.Particle instance at 0x02
AD93C8>]
>>> list(next(s))
[<particle.Particle instance at 0x02AD9030>]

看看我们每次调用生成器上的next时,它最多返回3个粒子。

把所有的东西放在一起

我们如何把烟机和游戏结合起来?让我们编写一个类来处理它:

class Emitter(object):
    def __init__(self, pos=(0, 0)):
        self.particles = []
        self.pos = pos
        self.factories = []

    def add_factory(self, factory, pre_fill=300):
        self.factories.append(factory)
        tmp = []
        for _ in xrange(pre_fill):
            n = next(factory)
            tmp.extend(n)
            for p in tmp:
                p.move()
        self.particles.extend(tmp)

    def update(self):
        for f in self.factories:
            self.particles.extend(next(f))

        for p in self.particles[:]:
            p.move()
            if p.alive == -1:
                self.particles.remove(p)

    def draw(self, screen, position_translater_func):
        for p in self.particles:
            target_pos = position_translater_func(map(sum, zip((p.x, p.y), self.pos)))
            pygame.draw.circle(screen, p.col, target_pos, int(p.size))

发射器可以保存一堆工厂函数(比如我们的smoke_machine),每次更新时,它都会将这些工厂的粒子添加到发射器的self.particles中,以便将它们绘制到屏幕上。让我们详细了解一些函数:

如果我们用add_factory添加一个新工厂,我们称之为factory,并提前300次移动它的粒子(或任何pre_fill)。这样,一些粒子已经存在了。

如果我们想绘制粒子,我们必须使用Emitter的位置来计算它们的位置。另外,我们需要使用游戏的摄像机调整这个位置,所以我们只接受一个函数作为参数,将我们的位置转换为正确的最终位置,以便我们的粒子在游戏中相应地滚动。

我们现在不需要对game类进行大的更改就可以使用Emitter。我们只需在GameScene中创建一个名为self.emitter的新列表和一个Emitter并将smoke_machine工厂添加到其中。

render方法中,我们调用

for e in self.emitter:
    e.draw(screen, self.camera.apply)

update方法中,我们调用

for e in self.emitter:
   e.update()

我们完了!

行动!

enter image description here

完整列表:

游戏.py

省略了一些类,因为我达到了30000个字符的限制:)

import pygame
from pygame import *
from particle import Emitter, smoke_machine
WIN_WIDTH = 1120 - 320
WIN_HEIGHT = 960 - 320
HALF_WIDTH = int(WIN_WIDTH / 2)
HALF_HEIGHT = int(WIN_HEIGHT / 2)

DISPLAY = (WIN_WIDTH, WIN_HEIGHT)
DEPTH = 0
FLAGS = 0
CAMERA_SLACK = 30

levels = {0: {'level': [
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                         E  ",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "               PPPPP        PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP           P",
                    "                            PPPP           P",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                      PPPPPPPPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "       PPPP                 PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPP                       PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                         PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                         PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                         PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP         PPPPP           PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                                     PPPP",
                    "PPP                                     PPPP",
                    "PPP                                     PPPP",
                    "PPP                       PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                       PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP    S      PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",],
             'enemies': [(9, 38)]},
             1: {'level': [
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                            ",
                    "                                         E  ",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "               PPPPP        PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP           P",
                    "                            PPPP           P",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                      PPPPPPPPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "       PPPP                 PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "                            PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPP                       PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                  PPPPPPPPPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                         PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                         PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP             PPPPPPPP    PPPP     PPPPPPP",
                    "PPP                                     PPPP",
                    "PPP                                     PPPP",
                    "PPP          PPPPP                      PPPP",
                    "PPP          P            PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPP          P    PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",
                    "PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP           PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP",],
             'enemies': [(9, 38), (18, 38), (15, 15)]}}

...

class GameScene(Scene):
    def __init__(self, levelno):
        super(GameScene, self).__init__()
        self.bg = Surface((32,32))
        self.bg.convert()
        self.bg.fill(Color("#0094FF"))
        up = left = right = False
        self.entities = pygame.sprite.Group()
        self.player = Player(5, 40)
        self.player.scene = self
        self.platforms = []

        self.levelno = levelno

        levelinfo = levels[levelno]
        self.enemies = [Enemy(*pos) for pos in levelinfo['enemies']]

        level = levelinfo['level']
        total_level_width = len(level[0]) * 32
        total_level_height = len(level) * 32

        self.emitter = []

        # build the level
        x = 0
        y = 0
        for row in level:
            for col in row:
                if col == "P":
                    p = Platform(x, y)
                    self.platforms.append(p)
                    self.entities.add(p)
                if col == "E":
                    e = ExitBlock(x, y)
                    self.platforms.append(e)
                    self.entities.add(e)
                if col == "S":
                    e = Emitter((x, total_level_height))
                    e.add_factory(smoke_machine())
                    self.emitter.append(e)
                x += 32
            y += 32
            x = 0

        self.camera = Camera(complex_camera, total_level_width, total_level_height)
        self.entities.add(self.player)
        for e in self.enemies:
            self.entities.add(e)

    def render(self, screen):
        for y in range(20):
            for x in range(25):
                screen.blit(self.bg, (x * 32, y * 32))

        for e in self.emitter:
            e.draw(screen, self.camera.apply)

        for e in self.entities:
            screen.blit(e.image, self.camera.apply(e))

    def update(self):
        for e in self.emitter:
            e.update()

        pressed = pygame.key.get_pressed()
        up, left, right = [pressed[key] for key in (K_UP, K_LEFT, K_RIGHT)]
        self.player.update(up, left, right, self.platforms)

        for e in self.enemies:
            e.update(self.platforms)

        self.camera.update(self.player)

    def exit(self):
        if self.levelno+1 in levels:
            self.manager.go_to(GameScene(self.levelno+1))
        else:
            self.manager.go_to(CustomScene("You win!"))

    def die(self):
        self.manager.go_to(CustomScene("You lose!"))

    def handle_events(self, events):
        for e in events:
            if e.type == KEYDOWN and e.key == K_ESCAPE:
                self.manager.go_to(TitleScene())

...

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

粒子.py

^{公关13}$

结论

我们在游戏中成功地整合了粒子。我们通过编写描述不同行为模式的小的、自包含的函数来实现这一点,并使用工厂函数组合它们。

在这个过程中,我们学习了closuresgeneratorsSRPfactory-strategy pattern

我们现在可以很容易地添加新的行为,例如改变颜色,或者创建行为完全不同的新粒子工厂,但是使用现有的函数。

例如,尝试使用这个函数来让粒子生长

def grow(amount):
    def _grow(particle):
        if random.randint(0,100) < particle.alive / 20:
            particle.size += amount
    return _grow

通过将grow(0.5)添加到smoke_machine中的行为列表中

enter image description here

零钱少,效果好。

多好的一天啊!

备注:您可以在this repository找到一个更快的版本(和错误修复)。它使用^{}^{}^{}^{}并避开random模块来大幅度提高速度。

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