我的代码是否将方法误认为是属性？

Question

我正在使用Spyder完成Python作业，但代码似乎将dailyEffort方法误认为是对象属性。这是我的密码：

class Student:
    def __init__(self,name,ID,dept=None):
        self.name=name
        self.ID=ID
        if dept==None:
            self.dept="CSE"
        elif dept!=None:
            self.dept=dept
        self.sugg=""
        self.dE=0
        def dailyEffort(self,hour):    #Clearly this is a method
            self.hour=hour
            self.dE+=self.hour
            if self.hour<=2:
                self.sugg="Should give more effort!"
            elif self.hour<=4:
                self.sugg="Keep up the good work!"
            else:
                self.sugg="Excellent! Now motivate others."
        def printDetails(self):
            print("Name: ",self.name)
            print("ID: ",self.ID)
            print("Department: ",self.dept)
            print("Daily Effort: ",self.dE," hour(s)")    #I'm not even calling that method over here
            print("Suggestion: ",self.sugg)
bob = Student('Bob', 123)
bob.dailyEffort(3)    #This is where the code mistakes dailyEffort as an attribute
bob.printDetails()
print('========================')
alice = Student("Alice", 456, "BBA")
alice.dailyEffort(2)
alice.printDetails()
print('========================')
carol = Student("Carol", 777, "MAT")
carol.dailyEffort(6)
carol.printDetails()

以下是我得到的输出：

runfile('C:/Users/USER/.spyder-py3/temp.py', wdir='C:/Users/USER/.spyder-py3')
Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "C:\Users\USER\.spyder-py3\temp.py", line 27, in <module>
    bob.dailyEffort(3)

AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'dailyEffort'

以下是所需的输出：

Name: Bob
ID: 123
Department: CSE
Daily Effort: 3 hour(s)
Suggestion: Keep up the good work!
========================
Name: Alice
ID: 456
Department: BBA
Daily Effort: 2 hour(s)
Suggestion: Should give more effort!
========================
Name: Carol
ID: 777
Department: MAT
Daily Effort: 6 hour(s)
Suggestion: Excellent! Now motivate others.

请建议我尽量少做改动

Answer 1

简单的缩进问题

class Student():
    def __init__(self,name,ID,dept=None):
        self.name=name
        self.ID=ID
        if dept==None:
            self.dept="CSE"
        elif dept!=None:
            self.dept=dept
        self.sugg=""
        self.dE=0
        
    def dailyEffort(self,hour):    #Clearly this is a method
        self.hour=hour
        self.dE+=self.hour
        if self.hour<=2:
            self.sugg="Should give more effort!"
        elif self.hour<=4:
            self.sugg="Keep up the good work!"
        else:
            self.sugg="Excellent! Now motivate others."
    def printDetails(self):
        print("Name: ",self.name)
        print("ID: ",self.ID)
        print("Department: ",self.dept)
        print("Daily Effort: ",self.dE," hour(s)")    #I'm not even calling that method over here
        print("Suggestion: ",self.sugg)

        
bob = Student('Bob', 123)
bob.dailyEffort(3)    #This is where the code mistakes dailyEffort as an attribute
bob.printDetails()
print('========================')
alice = Student("Alice", 456, "BBA")
alice.dailyEffort(2)
alice.printDetails()
print('========================')
carol = Student("Carol", 777, "MAT")
carol.dailyEffort(6)
carol.printDetails()

输出：

Name:  Bob
ID:  123
Department:  CSE
Daily Effort:  3  hour(s)
Suggestion:  Keep up the good work!
========================
Name:  Alice
ID:  456
Department:  BBA
Daily Effort:  2  hour(s)
Suggestion:  Should give more effort!
========================
Name:  Carol
ID:  777
Department:  MAT
Daily Effort:  6  hour(s)
Suggestion:  Excellent! Now motivate others.
``

Answer 2

def创建函数。如果一个函数是在类范围内定义的，并且在类的实例上调用它，python将把它作为类方法进行特殊处理。如果一个函数是在另一个函数中创建的，它将不是一个方法，但是如果它在包含函数中使用变量，它将是一个闭包

在您的例子中，dailyEffort是在__init__函数中定义的，但它不使用任何包含变量，因此它只是一个常规函数对象，其名称仅在__init__函数的局部已知

Dedent与def __init__(...)的级别相同，它将作为一种方法工作

Answer 3

您的代码完全正确，只是缩进错误

class Student:
    def __init__(self,name,ID,dept=None):
        self.name=name
        self.ID=ID
        if dept==None:
            self.dept="CSE"
        elif dept!=None:
            self.dept=dept
        self.sugg=""
        self.dE=0
    def dailyEffort(self,hour):    #Clearly this is a method
        self.hour=hour
        self.dE+=self.hour
        if self.hour<=2:
            self.sugg="Should give more effort!"
        elif self.hour<=4:
            self.sugg="Keep up the good work!"
        else:
            self.sugg="Excellent! Now motivate others."
    def printDetails(self):
        print("Name: ",self.name)
        print("ID: ",self.ID)
        print("Department: ",self.dept)
        print("Daily Effort: ",self.dE," hour(s)")    #I'm not even calling that method over here
        print("Suggestion: ",self.sugg)
bob = Student('Bob', 123)
bob.dailyEffort(3)    #This is where the code mistakes dailyEffort as an attribute
bob.printDetails()
print('========================')
alice = Student("Alice", 456, "BBA")
alice.dailyEffort(2)
alice.printDetails()
print('========================')
carol = Student("Carol", 777, "MAT")
carol.dailyEffort(6)
carol.printDetails()

实际输出：

Name:  Bob                                                                                                                                            
ID:  123                                                                                                                                              
Department:  CSE                                                                                                                                      
Daily Effort:  3  hour(s)                                                                                                                             
Suggestion:  Keep up the good work!                                                                                                                   
========================                                                                                                                              
Name:  Alice                                                                                                                                          
ID:  456                                                                                                                                              
Department:  BBA                                                                                                                                      
Daily Effort:  2  hour(s)                                                                                                                             
Suggestion:  Should give more effort!                                                                                                                 
========================                                                                                                                              
Name:  Carol                                                                                                                                          
ID:  777                                                                                                                                              
Department:  MAT                                                                                                                                      
Daily Effort:  6  hour(s)