如何创建和为x的随机整数向量列表

Question

创建一个和为X（例如X=1000）的随机向量相当直接：

import random
def RunFloat():
    Scalar = 1000
    VectorSize = 30
    RandomVector = [random.random() for i in range(VectorSize)]
    RandomVectorSum = sum(RandomVector)
    RandomVector = [Scalar*i/RandomVectorSum for i in RandomVector]
    return RandomVector
RunFloat()

上面的代码创建了一个值为float和sum为1000的向量。

我很难创建一个简单的函数来创建一个向量，它的值是整数，和是X（例如X=1000*30）

import random
def RunInt():
    LowerBound = 600
    UpperBound = 1200
    VectorSize = 30
    RandomVector = [random.randint(LowerBound,UpperBound) for i in range(VectorSize)]
    RandomVectorSum = 1000*30
    #Sanity check that our RandomVectorSum is sensible/feasible
    if LowerBound*VectorSize <= RandomVectorSum and RandomVectorSum <= UpperBound*VectorSum:
        if sum(RandomVector) == RandomVectorSum:
            return RandomVector
        else:
            RunInt()  

有人对这个想法有什么改进的建议吗？我的代码可能永远不会完成或遇到递归深度问题。

编辑（2012年7月9日）

感谢奥利弗、姆吉尔森和道格的投入。我的解决方案如下所示。

1. 奥利弗对多项式分布的想法很有创意
2. 简单地说，（1）很可能比其他解决方案输出更多的解决方案。Dougal通过一个简单的大数定律的检验/反例证明了多项式解空间分布不均匀或不正态。Dougal还建议使用numpy的多项式函数，这样可以省去很多麻烦、痛苦和头痛。
3. 为了克服（2）的输出问题，我使用RunFloat（）来给出一个更均匀的分布（我没有测试它，所以它只是一个表面的外观）。这与（1）相比有多大区别？我不是很了解。不过，对我来说已经足够了。
4. 再次感谢mgilson提供了不使用numpy的替代方法。

这是我为这次编辑所做的代码：

编辑2（2012年7月11日）

我意识到正态分布没有正确实现，因此我将其修改为：

import random
def RandFloats(Size):
    Scalar = 1.0
    VectorSize = Size
    RandomVector = [random.random() for i in range(VectorSize)]
    RandomVectorSum = sum(RandomVector)
    RandomVector = [Scalar*i/RandomVectorSum for i in RandomVector]
    return RandomVector

from numpy.random import multinomial
import math
def RandIntVec(ListSize, ListSumValue, Distribution='Normal'):
    """
    Inputs:
    ListSize = the size of the list to return
    ListSumValue = The sum of list values
    Distribution = can be 'uniform' for uniform distribution, 'normal' for a normal distribution ~ N(0,1) with +/- 5 sigma  (default), or a list of size 'ListSize' or 'ListSize - 1' for an empirical (arbitrary) distribution. Probabilities of each of the p different outcomes. These should sum to 1 (however, the last element is always assumed to account for the remaining probability, as long as sum(pvals[:-1]) <= 1).  
    Output:
    A list of random integers of length 'ListSize' whose sum is 'ListSumValue'.
    """
    if type(Distribution) == list:
        DistributionSize = len(Distribution)
        if ListSize == DistributionSize or (ListSize-1) == DistributionSize:
            Values = multinomial(ListSumValue,Distribution,size=1)
            OutputValue = Values[0]
    elif Distribution.lower() == 'uniform': #I do not recommend this!!!! I see that it is not as random (at least on my computer) as I had hoped
        UniformDistro = [1/ListSize for i in range(ListSize)]
        Values = multinomial(ListSumValue,UniformDistro,size=1)
        OutputValue = Values[0]
    elif Distribution.lower() == 'normal':
        """
        Normal Distribution Construction....It's very flexible and hideous
        Assume a +-3 sigma range.  Warning, this may or may not be a suitable range for your implementation!
        If one wishes to explore a different range, then changes the LowSigma and HighSigma values
        """
        LowSigma    = -3#-3 sigma
        HighSigma   = 3#+3 sigma
        StepSize    = 1/(float(ListSize) - 1)
        ZValues     = [(LowSigma * (1-i*StepSize) +(i*StepSize)*HighSigma) for i in range(int(ListSize))]
        #Construction parameters for N(Mean,Variance) - Default is N(0,1)
        Mean        = 0
        Var         = 1
        #NormalDistro= [self.NormalDistributionFunction(Mean, Var, x) for x in ZValues]
        NormalDistro= list()
        for i in range(len(ZValues)):
            if i==0:
                ERFCVAL = 0.5 * math.erfc(-ZValues[i]/math.sqrt(2))
                NormalDistro.append(ERFCVAL)
            elif i ==  len(ZValues) - 1:
                ERFCVAL = NormalDistro[0]
                NormalDistro.append(ERFCVAL)
            else:
                ERFCVAL1 = 0.5 * math.erfc(-ZValues[i]/math.sqrt(2))
                ERFCVAL2 = 0.5 * math.erfc(-ZValues[i-1]/math.sqrt(2))
                ERFCVAL = ERFCVAL1 - ERFCVAL2
                NormalDistro.append(ERFCVAL)  
            #print "Normal Distribution sum = %f"%sum(NormalDistro)
            Values = multinomial(ListSumValue,NormalDistro,size=1)
            OutputValue = Values[0]
        else:
            raise ValueError ('Cannot create desired vector')
        return OutputValue
    else:
        raise ValueError ('Cannot create desired vector')
    return OutputValue
#Some Examples        
ListSize = 4
ListSumValue = 12
for i in range(100):
    print RandIntVec(ListSize, ListSumValue,Distribution=RandFloats(ListSize))

上面的代码可以在github上找到。这是我为学校建的一个班级的一部分。 用户1149913，也发布了一个很好的问题解释。